SABATLE
Safety assessment of flow battery electrolytes
Electrolytes are central to the performance and safety of redox-flow batteries (RFBs), yet the safety, toxicological profile and life-cycle impacts of both conventional (e.g., vanadium-based) and emerging organic electrolyte systems remain insufficiently characterised. As RFB deployment grows for stationary storage, stakeholders require evidence that electrolyte solutions can be designed and managed in a way that is safe for workers and the environment, including under accident scenarios and at end-of-life. Existing literature and assessment practice largely focus on electrochemical performance, with limited coverage of human toxicity, ecotoxicity, potential nanotoxicity and the implications of production and recycling routes. This creates uncertainty for regulators and industry regarding risk management, governance and standardisation needs. SABATLE addresses these gaps by applying Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design principles to RFB electrolytes, combining experimental (eco)toxicology, accident-relevant scenarios and life-cycle assessment to identify hazards, hotspots and mitigation options across the value chain.
The project investigates how a Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design concept can be operationalised for RFB electrolytes across the full value chain, including raw materials, production, use and post end-of-life scenarios. It examines whether toxicity and environmental impacts of currently available electrolyte systems can be systematically screened and compared to emerging organic electrolytes derived from renewable feedstocks. It explores human toxicity, ecotoxicity and nanotoxicity endpoints using a portfolio of test organisms and exposure scenarios, including accidental releases and after end-of-life conditions. Another research question concerns how life cycle assessment can quantify environmental performance and reveal hotspots in life cycle stages and processes, and how experimental toxicity evidence can be integrated into governance, OECD-oriented testing approaches and standardisation-relevant guidance.
SABATLE will deliver a consolidated SaSbD concept and assessment approach for RFB electrolytes, including criteria and evidence supporting inherently safer electrolyte selection and design. Outputs include comparative datasets on human toxicity, ecotoxicity and nanotoxicity for conventional and emerging electrolyte solutions under normal and accident-relevant scenarios. The project will deliver a life cycle assessment of the electrolyte systems from production to post end-of-life, identifying environmental hotspots and trade-offs. It will produce governance- and standardisation-oriented recommendations, including inputs relevant for OECD testing guideline discussions and targeted dissemination products to support regulators, industry and the research community.
The project is implemented through five interlinked work packages. - WP1 – Project management: ensures coordination, reporting and quality assurance. - WP2 – Battery hazard characterisation: investigates thermal, chemical and electrical hazards of advanced batteries. - WP3 – Experimental testing: performs laboratory and abuse tests to characterise failure behaviour. - WP4 – Risk assessment and mitigation: evaluates risks and proposes prevention and mitigation measures. - WP5 – Dissemination: supports communication and uptake of results.

Juan Carlos Solis
Biobide
Spain

Ana Isabel Puertas
Biobide
Spain

Oihane Jaka
Biobide
Spain

Iñaki Iturria
Biobide
Spain

Arantza Muriana
Biobide
Spain

Leo Arpa
Mondi AG
Austria

Tobias Stern
Institute of System Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz
Austria

Claudia Mair-Bauernfeind
Institute of System Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz
Austria

Susanne Resch
BioNanoNet Forschungsgesellschaft
Austria

Johanna Scheper
BioNanoNet Forschungsgesellschaft
Austria

Werner Schlemmer
Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology
Austria

Stefan Spirk
Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology
Austria
