Transportation of hazardous substances by road and rail represents a major source of industrial risk due to the interaction between vehicles, infrastructure, operational practices and emergency response conditions. Accident scenarios can lead to severe human, environmental and economic consequences, particularly when hazardous goods are involved. Existing safety assessment approaches often focus on isolated elements of the transport chain and insufficiently address systemic interactions, organisational factors and emergency response preparedness. As a result, prevention and preparedness measures may not fully reflect real operational complexity. The 4STER project addresses these challenges by strengthening systemic safety assessment approaches for hazardous substance transport, with the objective of improving prevention, preparedness and response capabilities.